Magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging with 2D spectroscopy for the detection of brain metabolites

While magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) derives its signal from protons in water, additional biochemical compounds are detectable in vivo within the proton spectrum. The detection and mapping of these much weaker signals is known as magnetic resonance spectroscopy or spectroscopic imaging. Among the complicating factors for this modality applied to human clinical imaging are limited chemical-shift dispersion and J-coupling, which cause spectral overlap and complicated spectral shapes that limit detection and separation of brain metabolites using MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI). Existing techniques for improved detection include so-called 2D spectroscopy, where additional encoding steps aid in the separation of compounds with overlapping chemical shift. This is achieved by collecting spectral data over a range of timing parameters and introducing an additional frequency axis. While these techniques have been shown to improve signal separation, they carry a penalty in scan time that is often prohibitive when combined with MRSI. Beyond scan time constraints, the lipid signal contamination from the subcutaneous tissue in the head pose problems in MRSI. Due to the large voxel size typical in MRSI experiments, ringing artifacts from lipid signals become more prominent and contaminate spectra in brain tissue. This is despite the spatial separation of subcutaneous and brain tissue. This thesis first explores the combination of a 2D MRS method, Constant Time Point REsolved SpectroScopy (CT-PRESS) with fast spiral encoding in order to achieve feasible scan times for human in-vivo scanning. Human trials were done on a 3.0T scanner and with a 32-channel receive coil array. A lipid